13 Khalid Abou El-Fadl, “Islamic Law and Muslim Minorities: The Juristic Discourse on Muslim Minorities from the Second/Eighth to the eleventh/Seventeenth Centuries ,” Islamic Law and Society, 1, 2 (1994): 146 Basheer M. 12 Alexander Knysh, Islamic Mysticism (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 169. 11 Henry Corbin, History of Islamic Philosophy, trans. 10 Wael Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge: Cambridhe University Press, 1997), 39-40. Montgomery Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1962), 147-48. 14 9 Oliver Leaman, A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy (Oxford: Polity Press, 1999), 110-14 W.

13 Neither the Saljuq entry to Anatolia nor the Ottoman advances across the Bosporus affected this type of relationship, shaped by war, trade, and social and cultural exchange.

The early development of an Islamic fiqh of war and peace is a testimony to the complexity of relations that linked the two sides. In times of peace, and even in some periods of war, Muslim-Byzantine frontiers were regularly crossed for all kinds of purposes and pursuits. But one should always remember that the periods of war between the two sides were much shorter than the periods of truce and peaceful coexistence. During the eight hundred years after the early Islamic conquests, Muslims and Byzantines continued to confront each other, first in northern Syria and later, after the battle of Manzikert in the eleventh century, in Anatolia itself. Philosophy as such was never a pillar of Islamic thought yet, philosophical and logical notions of Greek origins were integrated into the Islamic legal theory ( usul al-fiqh ), 10 Islamic theology ( kalam ), 11 Islamic Sufism ( tasawwuf ), 12 and even the study of Arabic language. Philosophical discourse, on the other hand, diminished the role played by the philosophers in the development of classical Islamic culture and civilization. الإسلام والغرب: نحو عالم Civilization or Political: The Reality of the Present Tension between the Muslim World and the West

Between Two Worlds by Cemal Kafadar